Byblos (/ˈbɪblɒs/BIB-loss; Greek: Βύβλος), also known as Jebeil, Jbeil or Jubayl (Arabic: جُبَيْل, romanized: Jubayl, locally Jbeil[ʒ(ə)beːl]; Phoenician: 𐤂𐤁𐤋, GBL, probably Gebal), is an ancient city in the Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate of Lebanon. The area is believed to have been first settled between 8800 and 7000BC[1] and continuously inhabited since 5000BC.[2] During its history, Byblos was part of numerous cultures including Egyptian, Phoenician, Assyrian, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Genoese, Mamluk and Ottoman. Urbanisation is thought to have begun during the third millennium BC and it developed into a city[3][2] making it one of the oldest cities in the world. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[4]
It was in ancient Byblos that the Phoenician alphabet, likely the ancestor of the Greek, Latin and all other Western alphabets, was developed.[5]
^Garfinkel, Yosef (2004). ""Néolithique" and "Énéolithique" Byblos in Southern Levantine Context". In E. J. Peltenburg; Alexander Wasse (eds.). Neolithic Revolution: New Perspectives on Southwest Asia in Light of Recent Discoveries on Cyprus. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-84217-132-5. Retrieved 18 January 2012.
^ abDumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E.; Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (2006). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa. ABC-CLIO. p. 104. ISBN 1-57607-919-8. Retrieved 22 July 2009. Archaeological excavations at Byblos indicate that the site has been continually inhabited since at least 5000 B.C.
^Lorenzo Nigro (2007). "Aside the spring: Byblos and Jericho from village to town". In Nigro, Lorenzo (ed.). Byblos and Jericho in the early bronze I : social dynamics and cultural interactions : proceedings of the international workshop held in Rome on March 6th 2007 by Rome "La Sapienza" University. Università di Roma "La Sapienza". p. 35. ISBN 978-88-88438-06-1. Archived from the original on 2023-09-23. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
Byblos, are etymologically related. During the Crusades, this name appeared in European records as Gibelet or Giblet. This name was used for Byblos Castle...
to jido Byblos Castle is a Crusader castle in Byblos, Lebanon. In Crusader times it was known as the Castle of Gibelet /ˈdʒɪbəlɪt, ˈdʒɪblɪt/, also spelled...
Byblos Port is an ancient port in Byblos, Lebanon and is believed by the Lebanese to be oldest port in the world. Around 3000 BC, Byblos Port was the most...
The Byblos script, also known as the Byblos syllabary, Pseudo-hieroglyphic script, Proto-Byblian, Proto-Byblic, or Byblic, is an undeciphered writing...
Baumgarten, The Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos, 1981. Peter Barr Reid Forbes, "Philon of Byblos" in The Oxford Classical Dictionary, New York,...
treaty that created a border from north of Byblos to Damascus between the two empires. The Kingdom of Byblos was significant in linking the worlds of Egypt...
The Byblos bronze spatulas are a number bronze spatulas found in Byblos, two of which were inscribed. One contains a Phoenician inscription (known as...
literally "Lady of Byblos"), also known as Bēltu ša Gubla (Akkadian: dNIN ša uruGub-la) and Baaltis, was the tutelary goddess of the city of Byblos. While in the...
Phoenician town of Byblos, north of Beirut. François Bassil, the current Chairman of Byblos Bank Group, contributed to the establishment of Byblos Bank S.A.L...
Barat or Mid-Sha'ban, a Muslim holiday Baalat, 'Lady of Byblos', was the goddess of the city of Byblos, Phoenicia in ancient times. Baraat, a wedding procession...
Byblos Club is a multi sports club based in Byblos, Lebanon. The franchise was established in 1981, and such notable players as Jay Youngblood, Michael...
Byblos script may refer to: Byblos syllabary (c. 1700 BC) Phoenician script (c. 1200 BC) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title...
Phoenician King of Byblos (c. 1000 BC), discovered in 1923 by the French excavator Pierre Montet in tomb V of the royal necropolis of Byblos. The sarcophagus...
worked for Byblos Bank for 20 years. He was a member of the Lebanese Forces (LF) and was appointed the coordinator of the party in the Byblos District....
Archaeological excavations at Byblos indicate that the site has been continually inhabited since at least 5000 B.C. "Byblos". Encyclopaedia Britannica....
published in 1930, currently in the museum of Byblos Castle. It was published in Maurice Dunand's Fouilles de Byblos (volume I, 1926–1932, numbers 1141, plate...
The Kings of Byblos were the rulers of Byblos, the ancient Phoenician city in what is now Lebanon. Scholars have pieced together the fragmented list from...
Byblos District (Arabic: قضاء جبيل; transliteration: Qadaa' Jbeil), also called the Jbeil District (Jbeil is Lebanese Arabic for "Byblos"; standard Arabic...
in Byblos, but also in Kamid al lawz. The statuettes date to the second millennium BC and are made of bronze, silver, or copper alloy. The Byblos figurines...
or middle Neolithic periods of Byblos and which is held in the school library. Beirut VII, the Rivoli Cinema and Byblos Cinema sites near the Bourj in...
The Byblos International Festival is a Lebanese festival held in Byblos, believed to be the first Phoenician city, founded around 5000 BC. The festival...
annexed; only Tyre and Byblos, the most powerful city-states, remained tributary states outside of direct Assyrian control. Tyre, Byblos, and Sidon all rebelled...
Abishemu of Byblos (Ib-shemu; ʼb-šmw) was the ruler of the city-state of Byblos during the late Middle Bronze IIA (c. 1820-1628 BC). In relation to Syria...
The Byblos clay cones inscriptions are Phoenician inscriptions (TSSI III 2,3) on two clay cones discovered around 1950. They were first published in Maurice...
necropolis of Byblos is a group of nine Bronze Age underground shaft and chamber tombs housing the sarcophagi of several kings of the city. Byblos (modern Jbeil)...
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