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Background of the Greek War of Independence information


Demetrius Chalcondyles (1424 – 1511) was an Athenian born Greek scholar and Humanist who in 1463 delivered an exhortation for crusade and the recovery and liberation of Greece[1] from the invading Ottoman Turks.[2]

The Fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the subsequent fall of the successor states of the Eastern Roman Empire marked the end of Byzantine sovereignty. Since then, the Ottoman Empire ruled the Balkans and Anatolia, although there were some exceptions: the Ionian Islands were under Venetian rule, and Ottoman authority was challenged in mountainous areas, such as Agrafa, Sfakia, Souli, Himara and the Mani Peninsula.[i] Orthodox Christians were granted some political rights under Ottoman rule, but they were considered inferior subjects.[3] The majority of Greeks were called rayas by the Turks, a name that referred to the large mass of subjects in the Ottoman ruling class.[ii] Meanwhile, Greek intellectuals and humanists who had migrated west before or during the Ottoman invasions began to compose orations and treatises calling for the liberation of their homeland.[1] In 1463, Demetrius Chalcondyles called on Venice and “all of the Latins” to aid the Greeks against the Ottomans, he composed orations and treatises calling for the liberation of Greece[4] from what he called “the abominable, monstrous, and impious barbarian Turks.”[5] In the 17th century, Greek scholar Leonardos Philaras spent much of his career in persuading Western European intellectuals to support Greek independence.[6][7] However, Greece was to remain under Ottoman rule for several more centuries. In the 18th and 19th century, as revolutionary nationalism grew across Europe—including the Balkans (due, in large part, to the influence of the French Revolution[8])—the Ottoman Empire's power declined and Greek nationalism began to assert itself, with the Greek cause beginning to draw support not only from the large Greek merchant diaspora in both Western Europe and Russia but also from Western European Philhellenes.[9] This Greek movement for independence, was not only the first movement of national character in Eastern Europe, but also the first one in a non-Christian environment, like the Ottoman Empire.[10]

  1. ^ a b Bisaha, Nancy (1997). Renaissance humanists and the Ottoman Turks. Cornell University. p. 29. OCLC 44529765. Given their recent troubles at the hands of the Turks, many Greek humanists composed orations and treatises calling for the liberation of their homeland. Demetrius Chalcondyles and the already mentioned George of Trebizond and Cardinal Bessarion are just a few examples of many such scholars.
  2. ^ Bisaha, Nancy (2006). Creating East and West: Renaissance humanists and the Ottoman Turks. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 113–115. ISBN 978-0-8122-1976-0. Drawing on a different period of ancient, yet Christian, Greek history, the Athenian-born scholar Demetrius Chalcondyles (1423-1511) delivered an exhortation for crusade and the recovery of his homeland. At the end of the first of his "Discourses on the inauguration of Greek studies at Padua University" in 1463, Chalcondyles calls on Venice and "all of the Latins" to aid the Greeks against "the abominable, monstrous, and impious barbarian Turks." He does this by reminding the Latins how the Byzantine Greeks once came to Italy's aid against their supposed oppressors in the Gothic Wars (535-53 C.E.): just as she [Greece] had empended in their behalf [the Latins] all of her most precious and outstanding possessions liberally and without any parsimony, and had restored with her hand and force of arms the state of Italy, long ago oppressed by the Goths, they [the Latins] should in the same way now be willing to raise up prostrate and afflicted Greece and liberate it by arms from the hands of the barbarians. Calling attention to Greece's glorious and magnanimous past while asking the Latins to come to its aid, Chalcondyles seems not to be begging for help so much as calling in an overdue debt. Moreover, like Bessarion, he reminds the Latins of the unity that once existed between Greek East and Latin West.
  3. ^ Barker, Religious Nationalism in Modern Europe, p. 118
  4. ^ Bisaha, Nancy (1997). Renaissance humanists and the Ottoman Turks. Cornell University. p. 29. OCLC 44529765. Given their recent troubles at the hands of the Turks, many Greek humanists composed orations and treatises calling for the liberation of their homeland. Demetrius Chalcondyles and the already mentioned George of Trebizond and Cardinal Bessarion are just a few examples of many such scholars.
  5. ^ Bisaha, Nancy (2006). Creating East and West: Renaissance humanists and the Ottoman Turks. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 113–115. ISBN 978-0-8122-1976-0. in 1463, Chalcondyles calls on Venice and "all of the Latins" to aid the Greeks against "the abominable, monstrous, and impious barbarian Turks."
  6. ^ Merry, Bruce (2004). Encyclopedia of modern Greek literature. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 442. ISBN 0-313-30813-6. Leonardos Filaras (1595-1673) devoted much of his career to coaxing Western European intellectuals to support Greek liberation. Two letters from Milton (1608-1674) attest Filaras's patriotic crusade.
  7. ^ Milton, John; Diekhoff, John Siemon (1965). Milton on himself: Milton's utterances upon himself and his works. Cohen & West. p. 267. OCLC 359509. Milton here refuses a request from Philaras for the assistance of his pen in the freeing of the Greeks from Turkish rule on the basis of his confidence that only those people are slaves who deserve to be.
  8. ^ Goldstein, Wars and Peace Treaties, p. 20
  9. ^ Boime, Social History of Modern Art, pp. 194–196
    * Trudgill, "Greece and European Turkey", p. 241
  10. ^ Clogg, A Concise History of Greece, p. 6

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