This article is about the sultanate in the Horn of Africa. For the historic region, see Adal (historical region).
Sultanate of Adal
عدال سلطنة
1415–1577
The combined three banners used by Ahmad al-Ghazi's forces
The Adal Sultanate in c. 1540
Capital
Dakkar (1415–1520)
Harar (1520–1577)
Aussa (1577)
Official languages
Arabic
Common languages
Harari
Somali
Afar
Argobba
Religion
Sunni Islam (state)
School: Shafi'i
Creed: Ashʿari
Government
Kingdom
Sultan
• 1415–1423 (first)
Sabr ad-Din III
• 1577 (last)
Muhammad Gasa
Historical era
Middle Ages
• Established
1415
• Sabr ad-Din III returns from exile in Yemen
1415
• War with Yeshaq I
1415–1429
• Succession Crisis
1518–1526
• Ethiopian–Adal war
1529–1543
• Disestablished
1577
Currency
Ashrafi[1]
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Ifat Sultanate
Imamate of Aussa
The Adal Sultanate also known as the Adal Empire, or Bar Saʿad dīn (alt. spelling Adel Sultanate, Adal Sultanate) (Arabic: عدال سلطنة) was a medieval Sunni Muslim Empire which was located in the Horn of Africa.[2] It was founded by Sabr ad-Din III on the Harar plateau in Adal after the fall of the Sultanate of Ifat.[3] The kingdom flourished c. 1415 to 1577.[4] At its height, the polity under Sultan Badlay controlled the territory stretching from Cape Guardafui in Somalia to the port city of Suakin in Sudan.[5][6][7][8][9][10] The Adal Empire maintained a robust commercial and political relationship with the Ottoman Empire.[11] Sultanate of Adal was alternatively known as the federation of Zeila.[12]
^Zekaria, Ahmed (1991). "Harari Coins: A Preliminary Survey". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 24: 24. ISSN 0304-2243. JSTOR 41965992.
^Ta'a, Tesema (2002). ""Bribing the Land": An Appraisal of the Farming Systems of the Maccaa Oromo in Wallagga". Northeast African Studies. 9 (3). Michigan State University Press: 99. doi:10.1353/nas.2007.0016. JSTOR 41931282. S2CID 201750719.
^Ahmed, Hussein (2007). "Reflections on Historical and Contemporary Islam in Ethiopia and Somalia: A Comparative and Contrastive Overview". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 40 (1/2). Institute of Ethiopian Studies: 264. JSTOR 41988230.
^Elrich 2001, p. 36.
^Pradines, Stéphane (7 November 2022). Historic Mosques in Sub-Saharan Africa From Timbuktu to Zanzibar. BRILL. p. 127. ISBN 9789004472617.
^Braukamper, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia. Lit. p. 33. ISBN 9783825856717.
^Owens, Travis. BELEAGUERED MUSLIM FORTRESSES AND ETHIOPIAN IMPERIAL EXPANSION FROM THE 13TH TO THE 16TH CENTURY(PDF). NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL. p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 12, 2020.
^Pouwels, Randall (31 March 2000). The History of Islam in Africa. Ohio University Press. p. 229. ISBN 9780821444610.
^Leo, Africanus; Pory, John; Brown, Robert (1896). The history and description of Africa. Harvard University. London, Printed for the Hakluyt society. pp. 51–53.
^Hassan, Mohamed. The Oromo of Ethiopia: A History, 1570-1860. p. 35.
^Salvadore, Matteo (2016). The African Prester John and the Birth of Ethiopian-European Relations, 1402–1555. Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 978-1317045465. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
^Brill, E. J. (1993). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. A - Bābā Beg · Volume 1. Brill. p. 126. ISBN 9789004097872.
The AdalSultanate also known as the Adal Empire, or Bar Saʿad dīn (alt. spelling Adel Sultanate, AdalSultanate) (Arabic: عدال سلطنة) was a medieval Sunni...
hegemony over adjacent Islamic territories. The neighboring Muslim AdalSultanate began to threaten the empire by repeatedly attempting to invade it,...
during the 16th century where they played a very prominent role in AdalSultanate. The Geri clan was the most powerful and most loyal to Imam Ahmed Al-Ghazi...
Nearby Zeila, now in Somaliland, was the seat of the medieval Adal and Ifat Sultanates. In the late 19th century, the colony of French Somaliland was...
localities in the Horn region, was later the seat of the medieval Adal and Ifat Sultanates. In the late 19th century, the colony of French Somaliland was...
to a decrease in the sultanate's governability over its realm between the 13th and 17th centuries. AdalSultanate Ajuran Sultanate Mohamoud Ali Shire Mohammed...
that the Walashma themselves spoke Arabic. AdalSultanateSultanate of Shewa Sultanate of Harar Isaaq Sultanate Harari people Endris, Mohammed. Self-Rule...
Harari plateau (Adal) in the fourteenth century. An alliance kingdom ensued between Argobba and Harari people designated the AdalSultanate which later included...
Sultanate Baargaal Rulers of the Majeerteen Sultanate: AdalSultanate Ajuran Sultanate Warsengali Sultanate Ali Yusuf Kenadid List of Muslim empires and...
Ådal, archeological site in Denmark Arabic عدل ʿadl, "justice": Adal (historical region), former geographic region in Northeast Africa AdalSultanate...
including the Ajuran Sultanate, AdalSultanate, Imamate of Awsame, and the Sultanate of the Geledi. In the late 19th century, Somali sultanates were colonized...
including the AdalSultanate, the Ajuran Sultanate, the Ethiopian Empire, the Zagwe dynasty, and the Sultanate of the Geledi. The Sultanate of Showa, established...
Ifat and AdalSultanates in what are present-day Somaliland, Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea and eastern Ethiopia. The Walashma princes of Ifat and Adal claimed...
AdalSultanate, whose general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gurey) was the first commander to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal's conquest...
states to the AdalSultanate began to flourish in Somaliland. These included the Isaaq Sultanate and Habr Yunis Sultanate. The Isaaq Sultanate was a Somali...
tributes paid to the Empire. Historically, the Sultanate of Mogadishu was confined by the AdalSultanate in the north. Throughout the Middle Ages, the...
Abyssinian slaves for the Arab world seems to have originated from the AdalSultanate, who captured them from war. According to Al-Maqrizi Adalite Sultan...
Hijrah. By the 9th century, Zeila was the capital of the early Adal Kingdom and Ifat Sultanate in the 13th century, it would attain its height of prosperity...
present-day Somaliland: Flag of the AdalSultanate (1415–1577) Religious banner of the Isaaq Sultanate derived from an AdalSultanate flag (1700s–1884) British...
control between the 16th and 19th centuries , after the collapse of the AdalSultanate. From 1840 until the 1855, the governor of Zeila was Haji Shirmarke...
Muslim states were established, including the Sultanate of Ifat, and its successor the AdalSultanate. Discontent with territory and religious dominance...
Kenya. Over the centuries due to many factors, mostly the wars between AdalSultanate and Ethiopia would further encourage the numerous Oromo tribes to expand...
al-Masalit Dar Qimr Funj Sultanate of Sinnar (Sennar) Kordofan Ajuran Sultanate, in southern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia AdalSultanate, in western Somaliland...
especially by rulers Of hawiye Clans in the Sultanate of Adal, Imamate Of Hiraab and the Ajuran Sultanate. Notable Imams include Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi...
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